Curable composition, cured film, display panel, and method for producing cured product

ABSTRACT

A curable composition having satisfactory curability, capable of forming a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance and adhesion to a base material, a cured film made of a cured product of the curable composition, a display panel provided with the cured film, and a method for producing a cured product using the above-mentioned curable composition. The curable composition includes a curable compound and a thermal cationic polymerization initiator, the curable compound contains a cationic polymerizable compound containing, as a main skeleton, a fused ring in which three or more rings including an aromatic ring are fused, and the thermal cationic polymerization initiator contains a quaternary ammonium salt-type compound having a specific structure.

This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-098574, filed May 17, 2017, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a curable composition, a cured film made of a cured product of the curable composition, a display panel for an image display device, provided with the cured film, and a method for producing a cured product using the above-mentioned curable composition.

Related Art

Heretofore, a cationic polymerizable curable composition containing, as a curable component, a cationic polymerizable compound such as an epoxy compound has been used in various application.

There has been known, as such curable composition, a cationic polymerization type thermal curable composition containing, for example, an aromatic ring-containing alicyclic epoxy compound, a cationic polymerizable compound other than the aromatic ring-containing alicyclic epoxy compound, and a thermal cationic polymerization initiator (see Patent Document 1). Use of such curable composition enables formation of a cured product having high glass transition temperature, transparency (scarcely colored due to heat yellowing resistance), and excellent adhesion to a base material.

Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2014-156522

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Use of the curable composition mentioned in Patent Document 1 enables formation of a cured product which exhibits high glass transition temperature and satisfactory heat resistance from the viewpoint of thermal deformation. However, when using the curable composition mentioned in Patent Document 1, it is not necessarily possible to form a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance from the viewpoint of the pyrolysis resistance.

In light of the above problems, the present invention has been made and an object thereof is to provide a curable composition having satisfactory curability, capable of forming a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material, a cured film made of a cured product of the curable composition, a display panel provided with the cured film, and a method for producing a cured product using the above-mentioned curable composition.

The present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by allowing a curable compound (A) to contain a cationic polymerizable compound containing, as a main skeleton, a fused ring in which three or more rings including an aromatic ring are fused, and allowing a thermal polymerization initiator (B) to contain a quaternary ammonium salt type compound having a specific structure, in the curable composition containing the curable compound (A) and the thermal polymerization initiator (B). Thus, the present invention has been completed. Specifically, the present invention provides the followings.

A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a curable composition comprising: (A) a curable compound and (B) a thermal cationic polymerization initiator, wherein the curable compound (A) comprises a compound represented by the following formula (a1), and the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) comprises a compound comprising the cation moiety and the anion moiety, the cation moiety being a cation represented by the following formula (b1):

wherein, in the formula (a1), W¹ and W² each independently represent a group represented by the following formula (a2):

wherein, in the formula (a2), a ring Z represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, X represents a single bond or a group represented by —S—, R¹ represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, or an alkyleneoxy group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, and when R¹ is an alkyleneoxy group, the oxygen atom in the alkyleneoxy group is bonded with a ring Z, R² represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxylcarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxy group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a sulfo group, or a group in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom included in a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), or a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂ is/are substituted with a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a mesyloxy group, or a sulfo group, R^(4a) to R^(4d) independently represent a monovalent hydrocarbon group, m represents an integer of 0 or more, and R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a vinyl group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, or a glycidyl group, both W¹ and W² do not have a hydrogen atom as R³, a ring Y¹ and a ring Y² represent the same or different aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R represents a single bond, an optionally substituted methylene group, an ethylene group which is optionally substituent and contain a heteroatom between two carbon atoms, a group represented by —O—, a group represented by —NH—, or a group represented by —S—, R^(3a) and R^(3b) independently represent a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and n1 and n2 independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less:

wherein, in the formula (b1), R^(b1), R^(b2), and R^(b3) each independently is an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.

A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a cured film comprising a cured product of the curable composition according to the first aspect.

A third aspect of the present invention is directed to a display panel for an image display device, provided with the cured film according to the second aspect.

A fourth aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for producing a cured product, which comprises: forming the curable composition according to the first aspect into a predetermined shape, and subjecting the thus formed curable composition to at least one of light exposure and heating.

According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a curable composition having satisfactory curability, capable of forming a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material, a cured film made of a cured product of the curable composition, a display panel provided with the cured film, and a method for producing a cured product using the above-mentioned curable composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

<<Curable Composition>>

The curable composition includes: (A) a curable compound and (B) a thermal cationic polymerization initiator. The curable compound (A) is a compound represented by the formula (a1) mentioned later and has a fused polycyclic skeleton containing an aromatic ring as main skeleton, and also has a cationic polymerizable group. The thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) is a quaternary ammonium salt having a specific structure mentioned later. The curable composition contains the above-mentioned curable compound (A) and thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B), whereby, a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material can be formed, and the curable composition has satisfactory curability.

Essential or optional components contained in the curable composition will be described below.

<(A) Curable Compound>

The curable compound (A) contains a compound represented by the following formula (a1). Use of the curable compound (A) represented by the following formula (a1) in combination with the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) mentioned later enables formation of a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material, and the curable composition has satisfactory curability:

wherein, in the formula (a1), W¹ and W² each independently represent a group represented by the following formula (a2):

wherein, in the formula (a2), a ring Z represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, X represents a single bond or a group represented by —S—, R¹ represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, or an alkyleneoxy group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, and when R¹ is an alkyleneoxy group, the oxygen atom in the alkyleneoxy group is bonded with a ring Z, R² represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxy group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a sulfo group, or a group in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom included in a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), or a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂ is/are substituted with a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a mesyloxy group, or a sulfo group, R^(4a) to R^(4d) independently represent a monovalent hydrocarbon group, m represents an integer of 0 or more, and R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a vinyl group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, or a glycidyl group, both W¹ and W² do not have a hydrogen atom as R³, a ring Y¹ and a ring Y² represent the same or different aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R represents a single bond, an optionally substituted methylene group, an ethylene group which is optionally substituent and contain a heteroatom between two carbon atoms, a group represented by—O—, a group represented by —NH—, or a group represented by —S—, R^(3a) and R^(3b) independently represent a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and n1 and n2 independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less.

In the formula (a2), examples of the ring Z include a benzene ring, a fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring [for example, a fused di- to tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring, such as a fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring (e.g., a C₈₋₂₀ fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring such as a naphthalene ring, and preferably a C₁₀₋₁₆ fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring) or a fused tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring (e.g., an anthracene ring, a phenanthrene ring, etc.)], and the like. The ring Z is preferably a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, and more preferably a naphthalene ring. W¹ and W² in the formula (a1) each independently represent a group represented by the following formula (a2), so that W¹ and W² each contain a ring Z. The ring Z contained in W¹ and the ring Z contained in W² may be the same or different and, for example, one ring may be a benzene ring and the other ring may be a naphthalene ring, and any of rings is particularly preferably a naphthalene ring.

There is no particular limitation on the substitution position of the ring Z bonded to the carbon atoms, to which both W¹ and W² are directly bonded, via X. For example, when the ring Z is a naphthalene ring, the group corresponding to the ring Z bonded to the carbon atom may be a 1-naphthyl group, a 2-naphthyl group, or the like.

In the formula (a2), X independently represents a single bond, or a group represented by —S—, and typically a single bond.

In the formula (a2), R¹ includes, for example, a single bond; an alkylene group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a propylene group, or a butane-1,2-diyl group; and a alkyleneoxy group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, such as a methyleneoxy group, an ethyleneoxy group, or a propyleneoxy group; and is preferably a single bond; a C₂₋₄ alkylene group (particularly, a C₂₋₃ alkylene group such as an ethylene group or a propylene group); a C₂₋₄ alkyleneoxy group (particularly, a C₂₋₃ alkylene group such as an ethyleneoxy group or a propyleneoxy group), and more preferably a single bond. When R¹ is an alkyleneoxy group, the oxygen atom in the alkyleneoxy group is bonded with the ring Z. W¹ and W² in the formula (a1) each independently represent a group represented by the following formula (a2), so that W¹ and W² each contain R¹ as a divalent group. R¹ contained in W¹ and R¹ contained in W² may be the same or different.

In the formula (a2), an examples of R² include a monovalent hydrocarbon group such as an alkyl group (e.g., a C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, or a butyl group, preferably a C₁₋₈ alkyl group, and more preferably a C₁₋₆ alkyl group), an cycloalkyl group (a C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group such as a cyclohexyl group, preferably a C₅₋₈ cycloalkyl group, and more preferably a C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl group), an aryl group (e.g., a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group such as a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a xylyl group, or a naphthyl group, preferably a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group, and more preferably a C₆₋₈ aryl group), and an aralkyl group (a C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl group such as a benzyl group or an phenethyl group); a hydroxyl group; a group represented by —OR^(4a) [wherein R^(4a) represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group (the above-mentioned monovalent hydrocarbon group, etc.)] such as an alkoxy group (a C₁₋₁₂ alkoxy group such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group, preferably a C₁₋₈ alkoxy group, and more preferably a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group), a cycloalkoxy group (a C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkoxy group such as a cyclohexyloxy group), an aryloxy group (a C₆₋₁₀ aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group), or an aralkyloxy group (e.g., a C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyloxy group such as a benzyloxy group); a group represented by —SR^(4b) [wherein R^(4b) represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group (the above-mentioned monovalent hydrocarbon group, etc.)] such as an alkylthio group (a C₁₋₁₂ alkylthio group such as a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, a propylthio group, or a butylthio group, preferably a C₁₋₈ alkylthio group, and more preferably a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group), a cycloalkylthio group (a C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio group such as a cyclohexylthio group), an arylthio group (a C₆₋₁₀ arylthio group such as a phenylthio group), an aralkylthio group (e.g., a C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkylthio group such as a benzylthio group); an acyl group (a C₁₋₆ acyl group such as an acetyl group); an alkoxycarbonyl group (a C₁₋₄ alkoxy-carbonyl group such as a methoxycarbonyl group); a halogen atom (a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, etc.); a nitro group; a cyano group; a mercapto group; a carboxyl group; an amino group; a carbamoyl group; a group represented by —NHR^(4c)[wherein R^(4c) represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group (the above-mentioned monovalent hydrocarbon group)] such as an alkylamino group (a C₁₋₁₂ alkylamino group such as a methylamino group, an ethylamino group, a propylamino group, or a butylamino group, preferably a C₁₋₈ alkylamino group, and more preferably a C₁₋₆ alkylamino group), an cycloalkylamino group (a C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkylamino group such as a cyclohexylamino group), an arylamino group (a C₆₋₁₀ arylamino group such as a phenylamino group), or an aralkylamino group (e.g., a C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkylamino group such as a benzylamino group); a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂[wherein R^(4d) independently represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group (the above-mentioned monovalent hydrocarbon group, etc.)] such as a dialkylamino group (a di(C₁₋₁₂ alkyl)amino group such as a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dipropylamino group, or a dibutylamino group, preferably a di(C₁₋₈ alkyl)amino group, and more preferably a di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino group), a dicycloalkylamino group (a di(C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)amino group such as a dicyclohexyamino group), a diarylamino group (a di(C₆₋₁₀ aryl)amino group such as a diphenylamino group), or a diaralkylamino group (e.g., a di(C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino group such as a dibenzylamino group); a (meth)acryloyloxy group; a sulfo group; and a group in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom included in the monovalent hydrocarbon group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), or a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂ is/are substituted with the monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a (meth)acryloyloxy group, a mesyloxy group, or a sulfo group [for example, an alkoxyaryl group (e.g., a C₁₋₄ alkoxy C₆₋₁₀ aryl group such as a methoxyphenyl group), an alkoxycarbonylaryl group (e.g., a C₁₋₄ alkoxy-carbonyl C₆₋₁₀ aryl group such as a methoxycarbonylphenyl group or an ethoxycarbonylphenyl group)], and the like.

Of these, R² may be typically a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, or the like.

Examples of preferred R² include a monovalent hydrocarbon group [for example, an alkyl group (e.g., a C₁₋₆ alkyl group), a cycloalkyl group (e.g., a C₅₋₈ cycloalkyl group), an aryl group (e.g., a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group), an aralkyl group (e.g., a C₆₋₈ aryl-C₁₂ alkyl group), etc.], an alkoxy group (a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group, etc.), and the like. Particularly, R^(2a) and R^(2b) are preferably a monovalent hydrocarbon group (particularly, an alkyl group), such as an alkyl group [a C₁₋₄ alkyl group (particularly, a methyl group)], or an aryl group [e.g., a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group (particularly, a phenyl group)].

When m is an integer of 2 or more, plural R²(s) may be different or may be the same. R² contained in W¹ and R² contained in W² may be the same or different.

In the formula (a2), the number m of R² can be selected according to types of the ring Z and may be, for example, 0 or more and 4 or less, preferably 0 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably 0 or more and 2 or less. m in W¹ and m in W² may be the same or different.

In the formula (a3), R³ is a hydrogen atom, a vinyl group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, or a glycidyl group. Both W¹ and W² do not contain a hydrogen atom as R³. Any of a vinyloxy group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, and a glycidyl group is a cationic polymerizable functional group. Therefore, the compound represented by the formula (a1) is a cationic polymerizable compound having one or two cationic polymerizable functional groups. R³ contained in W¹ and R³ contained in W² may be the same or different as long as both R³(s) are not hydrogen atoms. Both R³ contained in W¹ and R³ contained in W² are preferably a vinyl group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, or a glycidyl group, and more preferably the same group selected from the group consisting of a vinyl group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, and a glycidyl group. R³ is preferably a vinyl group or a glycidyl group since it is easy to synthesize and obtain the compound represented by the formula (a1).

In the formula (a1), examples of the rings Y¹ and Y² includes a benzene ring and a fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring [for example, a fused di- to tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring, such as a fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring (e.g., a C₈₋₂₀ fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring such as a naphthalene ring, and preferably a C₁₀₋₁₆ fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring), and a fused tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring (e.g., an anthracene ring, a phenanthrene ring, etc.). The rings Y¹ and Y² are preferably a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, and more preferably a benzene ring. The rings Y¹ ring Y² may be the same or different and, for example, one ring may be a benzene ring and the other ring may be a naphthalene ring.

In the formula (a1), R represents a single bond, an optionally substituted methylene group, an ethylene group which is optionally substituted and may contain a heteroatom between two carbon atoms, a group represented by —O—, a group represented by —NH—, or a group represented by —S—, and typically a single bond. Examples of the substituent include a cyano group, a halogen atom (a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, etc.), a monovalent hydrocarbon group [e.g., an alkyl group (a C₁₋₆ alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a t-butyl group, etc.), an aryl group (a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group such as a phenyl group), etc.], and the like; and examples of the heteroatom include an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, and the like.

In the formula (a1), R^(3a) and R^(3b) usually include non-reactive substituents, for example, a cyano group, a halogen atom (fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, etc.), a monovalent hydrocarbon group [e.g., an alkyl group, an aryl group (a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group such as a phenyl group), etc.] and the like, and are preferably a cyano group or an alkyl group, and particularly preferably an alkyl group. Examples of the alkyl group include C₁₋₆ alkyl groups (e.g., a C₁₋₄ alkyl group, particularly a methyl group) such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, and a t-butyl group. When n1 is an integer of 2 or more, R^(3a) may be different or may be the same. When n2 is an integer of 2 or more, R^(3b) may be different or may be the same. R^(3a) and R^(3b) may be the same or different. There is no particular limitation on the bonding position (substitution position) of R^(3a) and R^(3b) on the rings Y¹ and Y². The substitution number n1 and n2 is preferably 0 or 1, and particularly 0. n1 and n2 may be the same or different with each other.

The compound represented by the formula (a1) has a cationic polymerizable functional group while maintaining excellent optical properties and thermal properties, and therefore has high reactivity. Particularly, when the rings Y¹ and Y² are benzene rings and R is a single bond, the compound represented by the formula (a1) has a fluorene skeleton and is more excellent in optical properties and thermal properties. The compound represented by the formula (a1) gives a cured product having high hardness and is preferably as a base material component in the composition.

Of the compounds represented by the formula (a1), particularly preferred specific examples include epoxy group-containing fluorene compounds such as 9,9-bis[4-[2-(glycidyloxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-9H-fluorene, 9,9-bis[4-[2-(glycidyloxy)ethyl]phenyl]-9H-fluorene, 9,9-bis[4-(glycidyloxy)-3-methylphenyl]-9H-fluorene, 9,9-bis[4-(glycidyloxy)-3,5-dimethylphenyl]-9H-fluorene, 9,9-bis(6-glycidyloxynaphthalen-1-yl)-9H-fluorene, and 9,9-bis(5-glycidyloxynaphthalen-2-yl)-9H-fluorene; and compounds represented by the following formulas.

Of the compounds represented by the formula (a1) described above, the following compounds are particularly preferable.

The curable compound (A) may contain a cationic polymerizable compound other than the compound represented by the formula (a1). The amount of the compound represented by the formula (a1) in the curable compound (A) is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, still more preferably 80% by mass or more, particularly preferably 90% by mass or more, and most preferably 100% by mass.

Examples of the cationic polymerizable compound other than the compound represented by the formula (a1) include a vinyl ether compound having a vinyloxy group, an epoxy compound having an epoxy group, and an episulfide compound having an episulfide group. Description will be made of a vinyl ether compound, an epoxy compound, and an episulfide compound.

(Vinyl Ether Compound)

The vinyl ether compound to be used together with the compound represented by the formula (a1) is not particularly limited as long as it has a vinyloxy group and is a cationic polymerizable compound. The vinyl ether compound to be used in combination with the compound represented by the formula (a1) may have an aromatic group or not. In view of satisfactory pyrolysis resistance of the cured product, the vinyl ether compound to be used in combination with the compound represented by the formula (a1) is preferably a compound having a vinyloxy group bonded to an aromatic group.

Suitable specific examples of the vinyl ether compound usable together with the compound represented by the formula (a1) include aromatic monovinyl ether compounds such as vinyl phenyl ether, 4-vinyloxytoluene, 3-vinyloxytoluene, 2-vinyloxytoluene, 1-vinyloxy-4-chlorobenzene, 1-vinyloxy-3-chlorobenzene, 1-vinyloxy-2-chlorobenzene, 1-vinyloxy-2,3-dimethylbenzene, 1-vinyloxy-2,4-dimethylbenzene, 1-vinyloxy-2,5-dimethylbenzene, 1-vinyloxy-2,6-dimethylbenzene, 1-vinyloxy-3,4-dimethylbenzene, 1-vinyloxy-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 1-vinyloxynaphthalene, 2-vinyloxynaphthalene, 2-vinyloxyfluorene, 3-vinyloxyfluorene, 4-vinyloxy-1,1′-biphenyl, 3-vinyloxy-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-vinyloxy-1,1′-biphenyl, 6-vinyloxytetralin, and 5-vinyloxytetralin; and aromatic divinyl ether compounds such as 1,4-divinyloxybenzene, 1,3-divinyloxybenzene, 1,2-divinyloxybenzene, 1,4-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,3-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,2-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,5-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,6-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,7-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,8-divinyloxynaphthalene, 2,3-divinyloxynaphthalene, 2,6-divinyloxynaphthalene, 2,7-divinyloxynaphthalene, 1,2-divinyloxyfluorene, 3,4-divinyloxyfluorene, 2,7-divinyloxyfluorene, 4,4′-divinyloxybiphenyl, 3,3′-divinyloxybiphenyl, 2,2′-divinyloxybiphenyl, 3,4′-divinyloxybiphenyl, 2,3′-divinyloxybiphenyl, 2,4′-divinyloxybiphenyl, and bisphenol A divinyl ether. These vinyl ether compounds can be used in combination of two or more types thereof.

(Epoxy Compound)

Examples of the epoxy compound usable together with the compound represented by the formula (a1) include difunctional epoxy resins such as a bisphenol A type epoxy resin, a bisphenol F type epoxy resin, a bisphenol S type epoxy resin, a bisphenol AD type epoxy resin, a naphthalene type epoxy resin, and a biphenyl type epoxy resin; novolak epoxy resins such as a phenol novolak type epoxy resin, a brominated phenol novolak type epoxy resin, an ortho-cresol novolak type epoxy resin, a bisphenol A novolak type epoxy resin, and a bisphenol AD novolak type epoxy resin; cyclic aliphatic epoxy resins such as an epoxidized product of a dicyclopentadiene type phenol resin; aromatic epoxy resins such as an epoxidized product of a naphthalene type phenol resin; glycidyl ester type epoxy resins such as a dimer acid glycidyl ester and triglycidyl ester; glycidylamine type epoxy resins such as tetraglycidylaminodiphenylmethane, triglycidyl-p-aminophenol, tetraglycidylmetaxylylenediamine, and tetraglycidyl bisaminomethylcyclohexane; heterocyclic epoxy resins such as triglycidyl isocyanurate; trifunctional epoxy resins such as phloroglucinol triglycidyl ether, trihydroxybiphenyl triglycidyl ether, trihydroxyphenylmethane triglycidyl ether, glycerin triglycidyl ether, 2-[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]-2-[4-[1,1-bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]ethyl]phenyl]propane, and 1,3-bis[4-[1-[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]-1-[4-[l-[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]-1-methylethyl]phenyl]ethyl]phenoxy]-2-propanol; tetrafunctional epoxy resins such as tetrahydroxyphenylethane tetraglycidyl ether, tetraglycidylbenzophenone, bisresorcinol tetraglycidyl ether, and tetraglycidoxybiphenyl; and a 1,2-epoxy-4-(2-oxyranyl)cyclohexane adduct of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol. The 1,2-epoxy-4-(2-oxiranyl)cyclohexene adduct of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1 butanol is commercially available as EHPE-3150 (manufactured by Daicel Corporation).

The oligomer or polymer type polyfunctional epoxy compound can also be preferably used as the curable compound (A). Typical examples thereof include a phenol novolak type epoxy compound, a brominated phenol novolak type epoxy compound, an ortho-cresol novolak type epoxy compound, a xylenol novolak type epoxy compound, a naphthol novolak type epoxy compound, a bisphenol A novolak type epoxy compound, a bisphenol AD novolak type epoxy compound, an epoxidized product of a dicyclopentadiene type phenol resin, an epoxidized product of a naphthalene type phenol resin, and the like.

Suitable other examples of the epoxy compound usable in combination with the compound represented by the formula (a1) include a polyfunctional alicyclic epoxy compound having an alicyclic epoxy group. When the curable compound (A) contains an alicyclic epoxy compound, it is easy to form a cured product having excellent transparency using a curable composition.

Specific examples of such alicyclic epoxy compound include 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy)cyclohexane-meta-dioxane, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate, bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl)adipate, 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexyl-3′,4′-epoxy-6′-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, ε-caprolactone-modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, trimethylcaprolactone-modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, β-methyl-δ-valerolactone-modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, methylenebis(3,4-epoxycyclohexane), di(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)ether of ethylene glycol, ethylenebis(3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate), and a polyfunctional epoxy compound having a tricyclodecene oxide group and compounds represented by the following formulas (a1-1) to (a1-5). These alicyclic epoxy compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more types thereof.

In the formula (a1-1), Z represents a single bond or a linking group (divalent group having one or more atoms. R^(a1) to R^(a18) each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and an organic group.

Examples of the linking group Z include a divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent group selected from the group consisting of —O—, —O—CO—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —CBr₂—, —C(CBr₃)₂—, —C(CF₃)₂—, and —R^(a19)—O—CO—, and a group in which plural these groups are bonded.

Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group as the linking group Z include a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group, and the like. Examples of the linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms include a methylene group, a methylmethylene group, a dimethylmethylene group, a dimethylene group, a trimethylene group, and the like. Examples of the divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group include cycloalkylene groups (including a cycloalkylidene group) such as a 1,2-cyclopentylene group, a 1,3-cyclopentylene group, a cyclopentylidene group, a 1,2-cyclohexylene group, a 1,3-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, a cyclohexylidene group, and the like.

R^(a19) is an alkylene group having 1 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, and preferably a methylene group or an ethylene group.

In the formula (a1-2), R^(a1) to R^(a12) are groups selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and an organic group.

In the formula (a1-3), R^(a1) to R^(a10) are groups selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and an organic group. R^(a2) and R^(a8) may be combined with each other.

In the formula (a1-4), R^(a1) to R^(a12) are groups selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and an organic group. R^(a2) and R^(a10) may be combined with each other.

In the formula (a1-5), R^(a1) to R^(a12) are groups selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and an organic group.

In the formulas (a1-1) to (a1-5), when R^(a1) to R^(a18) are organic groups, the organic group is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired, and may be a hydrocarbon group, a group composed of a carbon atom and a halogen atom, or a group containing heteroatoms such as a halogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a nitrogen atom, and a silicon atom, together with a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Examples of the halogen atom include a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom.

The organic group is preferably a group composed of a hydrocarbon group and a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, and an oxygen atom, a group composed of a halogenated hydrocarbon group and a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, and a halogen atom, and a group composed of a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a halogen atom. When the organic group is a hydrocarbon group, the hydrocarbon group may be an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, or a group including an aromatic skeleton and an aliphatic skeleton. The number of carbon atoms of the organic group is preferably 1 or more and 20 or less, more preferably 1 or more and 10 or less, and particularly preferably 1 or more and 5 or less.

Specific examples of the hydrocarbon group include chain alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an n-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an n-undecyl group, an n-tridecyl group, an n-tetradecyl group, an n-pentadecyl group, an n-hexadecyl group, an n-heptadecyl group, an n-octadecyl group, an n-nonadecyl group, and an n-icosyl group; chain alkenyl groups such as a vinyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-n-propenyl group (allyl group), a 1-n-butenyl group, a 2-n-butenyl group, and a 3-n-butenyl group; cycloalkyl groups such as a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group; aryl groups such as a phenyl group, an o-tolyl group, a m-tolyl group, a p-tolyl group, an α-naphthyl group, a R-naphthyl group, a biphenyl-4-yl group, a biphenyl-3-yl group, a biphenyl-2-yl group, an anthryl group, and a phenanthryl group; and aralkyl groups such as a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, an α-naphthylmethyl group, a β-naphthylmethyl group, an α-naphthylethyl group, and a β-naphthylethyl group.

Specific examples of the halogenated hydrocarbon group include halogenated chain alkyl groups such as a chloromethyl group, a dichloromethyl group, a trichloromethyl group, a bromomethyl group, a dibromomethyl group, a tribromomethyl group, a fluoromethyl group, a difluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, a pentafluoroethyl group, a heptafluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, a perfluorohexyl group, a perfluoroheptyl group, a perfluorooctyl group, a perfluorononyl group, and a perfluorodecyl group; halogenated cycloalkyl groups such as a 2-chlorocyclohexyl group, a 3-chlorocyclohexyl group, a 4-chlorocyclohexyl group, a 2,4-dichlorocyclohexyl group, a 2-bromocyclohexyl group, a 3-bromocyclohexyl group, and a 4-bromocyclohexyl group; halogenated aryl groups such as a 2-chlorophenyl group, a 3-chlorophenyl group, a 4-chlorophenyl group, a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group, a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group, a 2,5-dichlorophenyl group, a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group, a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group, a 2-bromophenyl group, a 3-bromophenyl group, a 4-bromophenyl group, a 2-fluorophenyl group, a 3-fluorophenyl group, and a 4-fluorophenyl group; and halogenated aralkyl groups such as a 2-chlorophenylmethyl group, a 3-chlorophenylmethyl group, a 4-chlorophenylmethyl group, a 2-bromophenylmethyl group, a 3-bromophenylmethyl group, a 4-bromophenylmethyl group, a 2-fluorophenylmethyl group, a 3-fluorophenylmethyl group, and a 4-fluorophenylmethyl group.

Specific examples of the group composed of a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, and an oxygen atom include hydroxy chain alkyl groups such as a hydroxymethyl group, a 2-hydroxyethyl group, a 3-hydroxy-n-propyl group, and a 4-hydroxy-n-butyl group; halogenated cycloalkyl groups such as a 2-hydroxycyclohexyl group, a 3-hydroxycyclohexyl group, and a 4-hydroxycyclohexyl group; hydroxyaryl groups such as a 2-hydroxyphenyl group, a 3-hydroxyphenyl group, a 4-hydroxyphenyl group, a 2,3-dihydroxyphenyl group, a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group, a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group, a 2,6-dihydroxyphenyl group, a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group, and a 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl group; hydroxyaralkyl groups such as a 2-hydroxyphenylmethyl group, a 3-hydroxyphenylmethyl group, and a 4-hydroxyphenylmethyl group; chain alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butyloxy group, an isobutyloxy group, a sec-butyloxy group, a tert-butyloxy group, an n-pentyloxy group, an n-hexyloxy group, an n-heptyloxy group, an n-octyloxy group, a 2-ethylhexyloxy group, an n-nonyloxy group, an n-decyloxy group, an n-undecyloxy group, an n-tridecyloxy group, an n-tetradecyloxy group, an n-pentadecyloxy group, an n-hexadecyloxy group, an n-heptadecyloxy group, an n-octadecyloxy group, an n-nonadecyloxy group, and an n-icosyloxy group; chain alkenyloxy groups such as a vinyloxy group, a 1-propenyloxy group, a 2-n-propenyloxy group (allyloxy group), a 1-n-butenyloxy group, a 2-n-butenyloxy group, and a 3-n-butenyloxy group; aryloxy groups such as a phenoxy group, an o-tolyloxy group, a m-tolyloxy group, a p-tolyloxy group, an α-naphthyloxy group, a R-naphthyloxy group, a biphenyl-4-yloxy group, a biphenyl-3-yloxy group, a biphenyl-2-yloxy group, an anthryloxy group, and a phenanthryloxy group; aralkyloxy groups such as a benzyloxy group, a phenethyloxy group, an α-naphthylmethyloxy group, a R-naphthylmethyloxy group, an α-naphthylethyloxy group, and a R-naphthylethyloxy group; alkoxyalkyl groups such as a methoxymethyl group, an ethoxymethyl group, an n-propoxymethyl group, a 2-methoxyethyl group, a 2-ethoxyethyl group, a 2-n-propoxyethyl group, a 3-methoxy-n-propyl group, a 3-ethoxy-n-propyl group, a 3-n-propoxy-n-propyl group, a 4-methoxy-n-butyl group, a 4-ethoxy-n-butyl group, and a 4-n-propoxy-n-butyl group; alkoxyalkoxy groups such as a methoxymethoxy group, an ethoxymethoxy group, an n-propoxymethoxy group, a 2-methoxyethoxy group, a 2-ethoxyethoxy group, a 2-n-propoxyethoxy group, a 3-methoxy-n-propoxy group, a 3-ethoxy-n-propoxy group, a 3-n-propoxy-n-propoxy group, a 4-methoxy-n-butyloxy group, a 4-ethoxy-n-butyloxy group, and a 4-n-propoxy-n-butyloxy group; alkoxyaryl groups such as a 2-methoxyphenyl group, a 3-methoxyphenyl group, and a 4-methoxyphenyl group; alkoxyaryloxy groups such as a 2-methoxyphenoxy group, a 3-methoxyphenoxy group, and a 4-methoxyphenoxy group; aliphatic acyl groups such as a formyl group, an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butanoyl group, a pentanoyl group, a hexanoyl group, a heptanoyl group, an octanoyl group, a nonanoyl group, and a decanoyl group; aromatic acyl groups such as a benzoyl group, an α-naphthoyl group, and a β-naphthoyl group; chain alkyloxycarbonyl groups such as a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, an n-propoxycarbonyl group, an n-butyloxycarbonyl group, an n-pentyloxycarbonyl group, an n-hexylcarbonyl group, an n-heptyloxycarbonyl group, an n-octyloxycarbonyl group, an n-nonyloxycarbonyl group, and an n-decyloxycarbonyl group; aryloxycarbonyl groups such as a phenoxycarbonyl group, an α-naphthoxycarbonyl group, and a β-naphthoxycarbonyl group; aliphatic acyloxy groups such as a formyloxy group, an acetyloxy group, a propionyloxy group, a butanoyloxy group, a pentanoyloxy group, a hexanoyloxy group, a heptanoyloxy group, an octanoyloxy group, a nonanoyloxy group, and a decanoyloxy group; and aromatic acyloxy groups such as a benzoyloxy group, an α-naphthoyl oxy group, and a β-naphthoyl oxy group.

R^(a1) to R^(a18) each independently is preferably a group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms. All R^(a1) to R^(a18) are more preferably hydrogen atoms since it is easy to form a cured film having particularly excellent mechanical properties.

In the formulas (a1-2) to (a1-5), R^(a1) to R^(a12) are the same as R^(a1) to R^(a12) in the formula (a1-1). In the formulas (a1-2) and formula (a1-4), when R^(a2) and R^(a10) are combined with each other, a divalent group thus formed includes, for example, —CH₂— and —C(CH₃)₂—. In the formula (a1-3), when R^(a2) and R^(a8) are combined with each other, a divalent group thus formed includes, for example, —CH₂— and —C(CH₃)₂—.

Of the alicyclic epoxy compounds represented by the formula (a1-1), specific examples of suitable compound include alicyclic epoxy compounds represented by the following formula (a1-1a), formula (a1-lb), and formula (a1-lc), 2,2-bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexan-1-yl)propane[=2,2-bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)propane], and the like.

Of the alicyclic epoxy compounds represented by the formula (a1-2), specific examples of suitable compound include bicyclononadiene diepoxide represented by the following formula (a1-2a), or dicyclononadiene diepoxide.

Among the alicyclic epoxy compounds represented by the formula (a1-3), specific examples of suitable compound include S spiro[3-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.0^(2,4)]octane-6,2′-oxirane], and the like.

Among the alicyclic epoxy compounds represented by the formula (a1-4), specific examples of suitable compound include 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide, dipentene dioxide, limonene dioxide, 1-methyl-4-(3-methyloxiran-2-yl)-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, and the like.

Among the alicyclic epoxy compounds represented by the formula (a1-5), specific examples of suitable compound include 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane, and the like.

It is also possible to suitably use, as curable compound (A), a compound represented by the following formula (a1-I).

In the formula (a1-I), X^(a1), X^(a2), and X^(a3) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, or an organic group optionally having an epoxy group, and the total number of epoxy groups possessed by X^(a1), X^(a2), and X^(a3) is 2 or more.

The compound represented by the formula (a1-I) is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (a1-II).

In the formula (a1-II), R^(a2) to R^(a22) represent a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group, an arylene group, —O—, —C(═O)—, —NH—, and a combination thereof, and each may be the same or different. E¹ to E³ represent at least one substituent or hydrogen atom selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group, an oxetanyl group, an ethylenically unsaturated group, an alkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, a thiol group, a carboxy group, a hydroxyl group, and a succinic anhydride group. Provided that, at least two of E¹ to E³ represent at least one selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group and an oxetanyl group.

In the formula (a1-II), each of at least two of a group represented by R^(a20) and E¹, R^(a21) and E², and R^(a22) and E³ is preferably groups represented by the following formula (a1-IIa), and all the groups are more preferably groups represented by the following formula (a1-IIa). A group represented by plural formulas (a1-IIa) bonded to one compound is preferably the same group. -L-C^(a)  (a1-IIa) In the formula (a1-IIa), L is a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group, an arylene group, —O—, —C(═O)—, —NH—, and a combination thereof, and C^(a) is an epoxy group. In the formula (a1-IIa), L and C^(a) may be combined to form a cyclic structure.

In the formula (a1-IIa), the linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group as L is preferably an alkylene group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, and the arylene group as L is preferably an arylene group having 5 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. In the formula (a1-IIa), L is preferably a linear alkylene group having 1 or more and 3 or less carbon atoms, a phenylene group, —O—, —C(═O)—, —NH—, and a combination thereof, and preferably at least one of a linear alkylene group having 1 or more and 3 or less carbon atoms such as a methylene group, and a phenylene group, or a group composed of a combination of these groups and at least one of —O—, —C(═O)— and NH—.

In the formula (a1-IIa), when L and C^(a) are combined with each other to form a cyclic structure, for example, when a branched alkylene group and an epoxy group are combined with each other to form a cyclic structure (structure having an alicyclic structure epoxy group), an organic group represented by the following formula (a1-IIb) or (a1-IIc) is exemplified.

In the formula (a1-IIb), R^(a23) is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

Examples of the compound represented by the formula (a1-II) include, but are not limited to, examples of an epoxy compound having an oxyranyl group or an alicyclic epoxy group.

Examples of the compound usable suitably as an epoxy compound, which can be used in combination with the compound represented by the formula (a1-I), include a siloxane compound having two or more glycidyl groups in the molecule (hereinafter simply referred to as “siloxane compound”).

The siloxane compound is a compound including a siloxane skeleton composed of a siloxane bond (Si—O—Si) and two or more glycidyl groups in the molecule. Examples of the siloxane skeleton in the siloxane compound include a cyclic siloxane skeleton, and a cage or ladder type polysilsesquioxane skeleton.

The siloxane compound is preferably a compound including a cyclic siloxane skeleton represented by the following formula (a1-III) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “cyclic siloxane”).

In the formula (a1-III), R^(a24) and R^(a25) represent a monovalent group having a glycidyl group, or an alkyl group. Provided that, at least two of x1 R^(a24) and x1 R^(a25) in the compound represented by the formula (a1-III) are monovalent groups having a glycidyl group. x1 in the formula (a1-III) represents an integer of 3 or more. R^(a24) and R^(a25) in the compound represented by the formula (a1-III) may be the same or different. Plural R^(a24)(S) may be the same or different. Plural R^(a25)(S) may also be the same or different.

The monovalent group having a glycidyl group is preferably a glycidyl ether group represented by -D-O—R^(a26) [D represents an alkylene group and R^(a26) represents a glycidyl group]. Examples of D (alkylene group) include linear or branched alkylene groups having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms such as a methylene group, a methylmethylene group, a dimethylmethylene group, a dimethylene group, and a trimethylene group.

Examples of the alkyl group include linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (preferably 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1 or more and 3 or less carbon atoms) such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and an isopropyl group.

x1 in the formula (a1-III) represents an integer of 3 or more, and preferably an integer of 3 or more and 6 or less in view of excellent crosslinking reactivity in the case of forming a cured film.

The number of glycidyl groups in the molecule possessed by the siloxane compound is 2 or more, preferably 2 or more and 6 or less in view of excellent crosslinking reactivity in the case of forming a cured film, and particularly preferably 2 or more and 4 or less.

The curable composition may contain, in addition to the siloxane compound represented by the formula (a1-III), compounds including a siloxane skeleton, such as an alicyclic epoxy group-containing cyclic siloxane, an alicyclic epoxy group-containing silicone resin mentioned in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2008-248169, and an organopolysilsesquioxane resin having at least two epoxy functional groups in a molecule mentioned in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2008-19422.

More specific examples of the siloxane compound include cyclic siloxane having two or more glycidyl groups in the molecule represented by the following formula. It is possible to use, as the siloxane compound, commercially available products, for example, trade name “X-40-2670”, “X-40-2701”, “X-40-2728”, “X-40-2738”, and “X-40-2740” (which are manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.).

(Episuifide Compound)

There is no specific limitation on the type of the episulfide compound as long as it does not interfere with the object of the present invention. Examples of preferred episulfide compound include compounds in which the oxygen atom in the epoxy group of the epoxy compound is substituted with a sulfur atom.

There is no particular limitation on the content of curable compound (A) in the curable composition as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. The content of the curable compound (A) in the curable composition is preferably 60 parts by mass or more and 99.9 parts by mass or less, more preferably 75 parts by mass or more and 99.5 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 90 parts by mass or more and 99 parts by mass or less, based on 100 parts by mass of the entire solid component of the curable composition.

<(B) Thermal Cationic Polymerization Initiator>

The thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) contains a compound composed of the cation moiety and the anion moiety, the cation moiety being a cation represented by the following formula (b1). Use of such thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) enables satisfactory curing of the above-mentioned curable compound (A) to obtain a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material.

In the formula (b1), R^(b1), R^(b2), and R^(b3) each independently is an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.

In the formula (b1), suitable examples of the alkyl group as for R^(b1), R^(b2), and R^(b3) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, and an n-hexyl group. The alkyl group is preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, and more preferably a methyl group. All R^(b1), R^(b2), and R^(b3) are particularly preferably methyl groups.

Namely, the cation represented by the formula (b1) is preferably a cation represented by the following formula (b2).

Examples of a counter anion to a cation represented by the formula (b1) include AsF₆ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, and (C₆F₅)₄B⁻. Of these, (C₆F₅)₄B⁻ is preferable. “C₆F₅” represents a pentafluorophenyl group.

It is possible to use, as the compound composed of the cation moiety represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety, compounds which are available as commercially available products. Examples of the commercially available product include CXC-1821 (manufactured by King Industries, Inc.).

Suitable specific examples of the compound composed of the cation moiety of a cation represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety include a quaternary ammonium salt composed of a cation represented by the formula (b2) and AsF₆ ⁻, a quaternary ammonium salt composed of a cation represented by the formula (b2) and SbF₆ ⁻, a quaternary ammonium salt composed of a cation represented by the formula (b2) and PF₆, and a quaternary ammonium salt composed of a cation represented by the formula (b2) and (C₆F₅)₄B⁻. Of these, a quaternary ammonium salt composed of a cation represented by the formula (b2) and (C₆F₅)₄B⁻ is more preferable.

The compound composed of the cation moiety of a cation represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety may be used alone or in combination of two or more types thereof.

Thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) may contain the other thermal cationic polymerization initiator together with the compound composed of the cation moiety represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety. It is possible to use, as the other thermal cationic polymerization initiator, a compound, which has hitherto been added to a cation polymerization type thermal curable composition, without particular limitation.

The amount of the compound composed of the cation moiety represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety in the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, still more preferably 80% by mass or more, particularly preferably 90% by mass or more, and most preferably 100% by mass.

Examples of the other thermal cationic polymerization initiator usable in combination with the compound composed of the cation moiety represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety include diphenyliodonium hexafluoroarsenate, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyliodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate, tri-p-tolylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, tri-p-tolylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(tert-butylsulfonyl)diazomethane, bis(p-toluenesulfonyl)diazomethane, triphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, diphenyl-4-methylphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylphenylsulfonium-p-toluenesulfonate, and diphenyl-p-phenylthiophenylsulfoniumhexafluorophosphate. These other thermal cationic polymerization initiators may be used in combination of two or more types thereof.

Examples of commercially available thermal cationic polymerization initiator usable in combination with the compound composed of the cation moiety represented by the formula (b1) and the anion moiety include diazonium salt type initiators such as AMERICURE Series (manufactured by American Can Co.) and ULTRASET Series (manufactured by ADEKA CORPORATION), WPAG Series (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.); iodonium salt type initiators such as UVE Series (manufactured by General Electric Company), FC Series (manufactured by 3M Company), UV9310C (manufactured by GE Toshiba Silicones Co., Ltd.), and WPI Series (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.); and sulfonium salt type initiators such as CYRACURE Series (manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation), UVI Series (manufactured by General Electric Company), FC Series (manufactured by 3M Company), CD Series (manufactured by Sartomer Co.), Optomer SP Series (manufactured by ADEKA CORPORATION), Optomer CP Series (manufactured by ADEKA CORPORATION), SAN-AID SI Series (manufactured by Sanshin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), CI Series (manufactured by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.), WPAG Series (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and CPI Series (manufactured by San-Apro Ltd.).

There is no particular limitation on the content of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) in the curable composition as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. The content of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) in the curable composition is preferably 0.1 part by mass or more and 4 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.3 part by mass or more and 3 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.4 part by mass or more and 2 parts by mass or less, based on 100 parts by mass of the curable compound (A). In the curable composition, a mass ratio of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) to the total mass of the curable compound (A) and the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) [thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B)/(curable compound (A)+thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B))] is preferably 1/1,000 or more and 1/25 or less, more preferably 3/1,000 or more and 3/100 or less, and particularly preferably 1/250 or more and 1/50 or less. By using the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) in the amount within the above range, it is possible to form a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to the base material, thus easily obtaining a curable composition having satisfactory curability.

<(C) Photocationic Polymerization Initiator>

The curable composition may contain: (C) a photocationic polymerization initiator together with the above-mentioned thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B). When the curable composition contains the photocationic polymerization initiator (C), it is possible to form a cured product which has particularly satisfactory curability of the curable composition, and particularly satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material.

It is possible to use, as the photocationic polymerization initiator (C), a polymerization initiator used for photocuring a cationic polymerizable curable composition without particular limitation. Suitable examples of the photocationic polymerization initiator (C) include an iodonium salt and a sulfonium salt.

Specific examples of the iodonium salt include diphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, di(4-nonylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, and the like.

The photocationic polymerization initiator (C) is preferably a sulfonium salt. Of these sulfonium salts, a sulfonium salt represented by the following formula (c1) (hereinafter also referred to as “sulfonium salt (Q)”) is preferable.

However, when the curable composition contains a sulfonium salt (Q), it is easy for curing of the curable composition to satisfactory proceed.

In the formula (c1), R^(c1) and R^(c2) independently represent an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (c2), R^(c1) and R^(c2) may be combined with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula, R^(c3) represents a group represented by the following formula (c3) or a group represented by the following formula (c4), A^(c1) represents S, O, or Se, and X⁻ represents a monovalent anion, provided that R^(c1) and R^(c2) are not simultaneously alkyl groups optionally substituted with a halogen atom.

In the formula (c2), a ring Z^(c1) represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R^(c4) represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an alkylthio group, a thienyl group, a thienylcarbonyl group, a furanyl group, a furanylcarbonyl group, a selenophenyl group, a selenophenylcarbonyl group, a heterocyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, and m1 represents an integer of 0 or more.

In the formula (c3), R^(c5) represents a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or an alkylene group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (c5), R^(c6) represents a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (c6), A^(c2) represents a single bond, S, O, a sulfinyl group, or a carbonyl group, and m2 represents 0 or 1.

In the formula (c4), R^(c7) and R^(c8) independently represent a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkylene group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (c5), R^(c9) and R^(c10) independently represent an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, or a group represented by the formula (c2), R^(c9) and R^(c10) may be combined with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula, A^(c3) represents a single bond, S, O, a sulfinyl group, or a carbonyl group, X— is as mentioned above, and m3 represents 0 or 1, provided that R^(c9) and R^(c10) are not simultaneously alkyl groups optionally substituted with a halogen atom.

In the formula (c5), a ring Z^(c2) represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R^(c11) represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, and m4 represents an integer of 0 or more.

In the formula (c6), a ring Z^(c3) represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R^(c12) represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, a thienylcarbonyl group, a furanylcarbonyl group, an selenophenylcarbonyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, and m5 represents an integer of 0 or more. (Sulfonium Salt (Q))

A sulfonium salt (Q) will be described below. The sulfonium salt (Q) is characterized in that, in a benzene ring in the formula (c1), a methyl group is bonded to the carbon atom at the ortho-position with respect to the carbon atom to which A^(c1) is bonded. Since the sulfonium salt (Q) has a methyl group at the above position, protons are easily generated as compared with a conventional sulfonium salt, leading to high sensitivity to active energy ray such as ultraviolet light.

In the formula (c1), both R^(c1) and R^(c2) are preferably groups represented by the formula (c2). R^(c1) and R^(c2) may be the same or different with each other. In the formula (c1), Rcl and R^(c2) are combined with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula, and the number of ring-constituting atoms of the ring to be formed is preferably 3 or more and 10 or less, and more preferably, 5 or more and 7 or less, including a sulfur atom. The ring to be formed may be polycyclic, and preferably those in which 5- to 7-membered rings are fused. In the formula (c1), both R^(c1) and R^(c2) are preferably phenyl groups. In the formula (c1), R^(c3) is preferably a group represented by the formula (c3). In the formula (c1), A^(c1) is preferably S or O, and more preferably S.

In the formula (c2), R^(c4) is preferably an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, a thienylcarbonyl group, a furanylcarbonyl group, a selenophenylcarbonyl group, an optionally substituted amino group, or a nitro group, and more preferably, an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, an alkylcarbonyl group, or a thienylcarbonyl group. In the formula (c2), m1 can be selected according to types of the ring Z^(c1) and may be, for example, an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, preferably an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably an integer of 0 or more and 2 or less.

In the formula (c3), R^(c5) is preferably an alkylene group; an alkylene group substituted with a hydroxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, or a nitro group; or a group represented by the formula (c5), and more preferably a group represented by the formula (c5). In the formula (c3), R^(c6) is preferably an alkyl group; an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, or a nitro group; or a group represented by the formula (c6), and more preferably a group represented by the formula (c6). In the formula (c3), A^(c2) is preferably S or O, and more preferably S. In the formula (c3), m2 is preferably 0.

In the formula (c4), R^(c7) and R^(c8) independently represent an alkylene group; an alkylene group substituted with a hydroxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, or a nitro group; or a group represented by the formula (a5), and more preferably, a group represented by the formula (c5). R^(c7) and R^(c8) may be the same or different with each other. In the formula (c4), both R^(c9) and R^(c10) are preferably groups represented by the formula (c2). R^(c9) and R^(c10) may be the same or different with each other. In the formula (c4), R^(c9) and R^(c10) are combined with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula, and the number of ring-constituting atoms of the ring to be formed is preferably 3 or more and 10 or less, and more preferably 5 or more and 7 or less, including a sulfur atom. The ring to be formed may be polycyclic, and preferably those in which 5- to 7-membered rings are fused. In the formula (c4), A^(c3) is preferably S or O, and more preferably S. In the formula (c4), m3 is preferably 0.

In the formula (c5), R^(c11) is preferably an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, or a nitro group, and more preferably, an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom. In the formula (c5), m4 can be selected according to types of the ring Z^(c2) and may be, for example, an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, preferably an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably an integer of 0 or more and 2 or less.

In the formula (c6), R¹² is preferably an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, a thienylcarbonyl group, a furanylcarbonyl group, a selenophenylcarbonyl group, an optionally substituted amino group, or a nitro group, and more preferably, an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, an alkylcarbonyl group, or a thienylcarbonyl group. In the formula (c6), m5 can be selected according to types of the ring Z^(c3) and may be, for example, an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, preferably an integer of 0 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably an integer of 0 or more and 2 or less.

In the formula (c1), X⁻ is a monovalent anion corresponding to an acid (HX) generated by irradiating a sulfonium salt (Q) with active energy (heat, visible light, ultraviolet light, electron beam, and X-ray). X⁻ is suitably a monovalent polyatomic anion, and more preferably an anion represented by MY_(a) ⁻, (Rf)_(b)PF_(6-b) ⁻, R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻, R^(x1) _(c)GaY_(4-c) ⁻, R^(x2)SO₃ ⁻, (R^(x2)SO₂)₃C⁻, or (R^(x2)SO₂)₂N⁻. X⁻ may be a halogen anion and examples thereof include fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, and the like.

M represents a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, or an antimony atom. Y represents a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom).

Rf represents an alkyl group in which 80 mol % or more of hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom (preferably an alkyl group having 1 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms). Examples of the alkyl group, which forms Rf by fluorine substitution, include a linear alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and octyl), a branched alkyl group (isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl) and cycloalkyl group (cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl), and the like. The proportion of the hydrogen atom of the alkyl group substituted with the fluorine atom in Rf is preferably 80 mol % or more, more preferably 90 mol % or more, and particularly preferably 100 mol %, based on the number of mols of the hydrogen atom originally possessed by the alkyl group. When the proportion of substitution with the fluorine atom is preferably within the above range, the photosensitivity of the sulfonium salt (Q) becomes more satisfactory. Particularly preferred Rf includes CF₃—, CF₃CF₂ ⁻, (CF₃)₂CF⁻, CF₃CF₂CF₂ ⁻, CF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂ ⁻, (CF₃)₂CFCF₂ ⁻, CF₃CF₂ (CF₃) CF⁻, and (CF₃)₃C⁻. b Rf(s) are mutually independent and may be the same or different with each other.

P represents a phosphorus atom and F represents a fluorine atom.

R^(x1) represents a phenyl group in which hydrogen atoms are partially substituted with at least one element or electron withdrawing group. A halogen atom is included in examples of one element, and examples thereof include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, and a bromine atom. Examples of the electron withdrawing group include a trifluoromethyl group, a nitro group, and a cyano group. Of these groups, preferred is a phenyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group. c R^(x1)(s) are mutually independent and may be the same or different with each other.

B represents a boron atom and Ga represents a gallium atom.

R^(x2) represents an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, a fluoroalkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, the alkyl group and the fluoroalkyl group may be linear, branched, or cyclic, and the alkyl group, the fluoroalkyl group, or the aryl group is not optionally substituted or optionally substituted. Examples of the substituent include a hydroxy group, an optionally substituted amino group (e.g., including those exemplified in the below-mentioned description with respect to the formulas (c2) to (c6)), a nitro group, and the like. A carbon chain in the alkyl group, fluoroalkyl group, or aryl group represented by R^(x2) may have a heteroatom such as an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, or a sulfur atom. Particularly, the carbon chain in the alkyl group or fluoroalkyl group represented by R^(x2) may have a divalent functional group (e.g., an ether bond, a carbonyl bond, an ester bond, an amino bond, an amide bond, an imide bond, a sulfonyl bond, a sulfonylamide bond, a sulfonylimide bond, a urethane bond, etc.). When the alkyl group, fluoroalkyl group or aryl group represented by R^(x2) has the substituent, heteroatom, or functional group, the number of the substituent, heteroatom, or functional group may be 1, or 2 or more.

S represents a sulfur atom, O represents an oxygen atom, C represents a carbon atom, and N represents a nitrogen atom. a represents an integer of 4 or more and 6 or less. b is preferably an integer of 1 or more and 5 or less, more preferably an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, and particularly preferably 2 or 3. c is preferably an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less, and more preferably 4.

Examples of the anion represented by MY_(a) ⁻ include an anion represented by SbF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, or BF₄ ⁻.

Examples of the anion represented by (Rf)_(b)PF_(6-b) ⁻ include an anion represented by (CF₃CF₂)₂PF₄ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CF)₂PF₄ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CF)₃PF₃ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂CF₂)₂PF₄ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CFCF₂)₂PF₄ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CFCF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂)₂PF₄ ⁻, or (CF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻. Of these, an anion represented by (CF₃CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CF)₃PF₃ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CF)₂PF₄ ⁻, ((CF₃)₂CFCF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, or ((CF₃)₂CFCF₂)₂PF₄ ⁻ is preferable.

The anion represented by R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻ is preferably an anion represented by: R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻ wherein R^(x1) represents a phenyl group in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms is/are substituted with a halogen atom or an electron withdrawing group, Y represents a halogen atom, and c represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. Examples thereof include an anion represented by (C₆F₅)₄B⁻, ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄B⁻, (CF₃C₆H₄)₄B⁻, (C₆F₅)₂BF₂ ⁻, C₆F₅BF₃ ⁻, or (C₆H₃F₂)₄B⁻. Of these, an anion represented by (C₆F₅)₄B⁻ or ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄B⁻ is preferable.

Examples of the anion represented by R^(x1) _(c)GaY_(4-c) ⁻ include an anion represented by (C₆F₅)₄Ga⁻, ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄Ga⁻, (CF₃C₆H₄)₄Ga⁻, (C₆F₅)₂GaF₂ ⁻, C₆F₅GaF₃ ⁻, or (C₆H₃F₂)₄Ga⁻. Of these, an anion represented by (C₆F₅)₄Ga⁻ or ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄Ga⁻ is preferable.

Examples of the anion represented by R^(x2)SO₃ ⁻ include a trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anion, a pentafluoroethanesulfonic acid anion, a heptafluoropropanesulfonic acid anion, a nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid anion, a pentafluorophenylsulfonic acid anion, a p-toluenesulfonic acid anion, a benzenesulfonic acid anion, a camphorsulfonic acid anion, a methanesulfonic acid anion, a ethanesulfonic acid anion, a propanesulfonic acid anion, and a butanesulfonic acid anion. Of these, a trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anion, a nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid anion, a methanesulfonic acid anion, a butanesulfonic acid anion, a camphorsulfonic acid anion, a benzenesulfonic acid anion, or a p-toluenesulfonic acid anion is preferable.

Examples of the anion represented by (R^(x2)SO₂)₃C⁻ include an anion represented by (CF₃SO₂)₃C⁻, (C₂F₅SO₂)₃C⁻, (C₃F₇SO₂)₃C⁻, or (C₄F₉SO₂)₃C⁻.

Examples of the anion represented by (R^(x2)SO₂)₂N⁻ include an anion represented by (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻, (C₂F₅SO₂)₂N⁻, (C₃F₇SO₂)₂N⁻, or (C₄F₉SO₂)₂N⁻.

It is possible to use, as the monovalent polyatomic anion, in addition to an anion represented by MY_(a) ⁻, (Rf)_(b)PF_(6-b) ⁻, R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻, R^(x1) _(c)GaY_(4-c) ⁻, R^(x2)SO₃ ⁻, (R^(x2)SO₂)₃C⁻, or (R^(x2)SO₂)₂N⁻, a perhalogen acid ion (ClO₄ ⁻, BrO₄ ⁻, etc.), a halogenated sulfonic acid ion (FSO₃ ⁻, ClSO₃ ⁻, etc.), a sulfuric acid ion (CH₃SO₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₄ ⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, etc.), a carbonic acid ion (HCO₃ ⁻, CH₃CO₃ ⁻, etc.), an aluminic acid ion (ALCl₄ ⁻, AlF₄ ⁻, etc.), a hexafluorobismuthic acid ion (BiF₆ ⁻), a carboxylic acid ion (CH₃COO⁻, CF₃COO⁻, C₆H₅COO⁻, CH₃C₆H₄COO⁻, C₆F₅COO⁻, CF₃C₆H₄COO⁻, etc.), an arylboric acid ion (B(C₆H₅)₄ ⁻, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂B(C₆H₅)₃ ⁻, etc.), a thiocyanic acid ion (SCN⁻), and a nitric acid ion (NO₃ ⁻).

Of these X⁻(s), in view of the cationic polymerizability, the anion is preferably anions represented by MY_(a) ⁻, (Rf)_(b)PF_(6-b) ⁻, R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻, R^(x1) _(c)GaY_(4-c) ⁻, and (R^(x2)SO₂)₃C⁻, more preferably anions represented by SbF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, (C₆F₅)₄B⁻, ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄B⁻, (C₆F₅)₄Ga⁻, ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄Ga⁻, and (CF₃SO₂)₃C⁻, and still more preferably an anion represented by R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻.

In the formulas (c2), (c5), and (c6), examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring include a benzene ring and a fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring [fused di- to tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbon rings, for example, a fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring (e.g., a C₈₋₂₀ fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring such as a naphthalene ring, and preferably a C₁₀₋₁₆ fused dicyclic hydrocarbon ring), a fused tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring (e.g., an anthracene ring, a phenanthrene ring, etc.). The aromatic hydrocarbon ring is preferably a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, and more preferably a benzene ring.

In the formulas (c1) to (c6), examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.

In the formulas (c1) to (c6), examples of the alkyl group include a linear alkyl group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, and n-octadecyl), a branched alkyl group having 3 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, isohexyl, and isooctadecyl), and a cycloalkyl group having 3 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and 4-decylcyclohexy). Particularly, in the formulas (c1), (c2), and (c4) to (c6), the alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom means an alkyl group substituted with an alkyl group and a halogen atom. Examples of the alkyl group substituted with a halogen atom include a group in which at least one hydrogen atom in the linear alkyl group, branched alkyl group, or cycloalkyl group is substituted with a halogen atom (monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, etc.). Of the alkyl groups optionally substituted with a halogen atom, R^(c1), R^(c2), R^(c9), or R^(c10) is particularly preferably a trifluoromethyl group, and R^(c4), R^(c6), R^(c11), or R^(c12) is particularly preferably a methyl group.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the alkoxy group include a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, hexyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy, and octadecyloxy), and the like.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the alkyl group in the alkylcarbonyl group include the above-mentioned linear alkyl group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, branched alkyl group having 3 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, or cycloalkyl group having 3 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, and examples of the alkylcarbonyl group include a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylcarbonyl group having 2 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, 2-methylpropionyl, heptanoyl, 2-methylbutanoyl, 3-methylbutanoyl, octanoyl, decanoyl, dodecanoyl, octadecanoyl, cyclopentanoyl group, and cyclohexanoyl group), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the arylcarbonyl group include an arylcarbonyl group having 7 or more and 11 or less carbon atoms (benzoyl and naphthoyl), and the like.

In the formulas (a2) to (a6), examples of the alkoxycarbonyl group include a linear or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 or more and 19 or less carbon atoms (methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl, sec-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, octyloxycarbonyl, tetradecyloxycarbonyl, and octadecyloxycarbonyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the aryloxycarbonyl group include an aryloxycarbonyl group having 7 or more and 11 or less carbon atoms (phenoxycarbonyl and naphthoxycarbonyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the arylthiocarbonyl group include an arylthiocarbonyl group having 7 or more and 11 or less carbon atoms (phenylthiocarbonyl and naphthoxythiocarbonyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the acyloxy group include a linear or branched acyloxy group having 2 or more and 19 or less carbon atoms (acetoxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, propylcarbonyloxy, isopropylcarbonyloxy, butylcarbonyloxy, isobutylcarbonyloxy, sec-butylcarbonyloxy, tert-butylcarbonyloxy, octylcarbonyloxy, tetradecylcarbonyloxy, and octadecylcarbonyloxy), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the arylthio group include an arylthio group having 6 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms (phenylthio, 2-methylphenylthio, 3-methylphenylthio, 4-methylphenylthio, 2-chlorophenylthio, 3-chlorophenylthio, 4-chlorophenylthio, 2-bromophenylthio, 3-bromophenylthio, 4-bromophenylthio, 2-fluorophenylthio, 3-fluorophenylthio, 4-fluorophenylthio, 2-hydroxyphenylthio, 4-hydroxyphenylthio, 2-methoxyphenylthio, 4-methoxyphenylthio, 1-naphthylthio, 2-naphthylthio, 4-[4-(phenylthio)benzoyl]phenylthio, 4-[4-(phenylthio)phenoxy]phenylthio, 4-[4-(phenylthio)phenyl]phenylthio, 4-(phenylthio)phenylthio, 4-benzoylphenylthio, 4-benzoyl-2-chlorophenylthio, 4-benzoyl-3-chlorophenylthio, 4-benzoyl-3-methylthiophenylthio, 4-benzoyl-2-methylthiophenylthio, 4-(4-methylthiobenzoyl)phenylthio, 4-(2-methylthiobenzoyl)phenylthio, 4-(p-methylbenzoyl)phenylthio, 4-(p-ethylbenzoyl)phenylthio 4-(p-isopropylbenzoyl)phenylthio, and 4-(p-tert-butylbenzoyl)phenylthio), and the like.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the alkylthio group include a linear or branched alkylthio group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, pentylthio, isopentylthio, neopentylthio, tert-pentylthio, octylthio, decylthio, dodecylthio, and isooctadecylthio, and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the aryl group include an aryl group having 6 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms (phenyl, tolyl, dimethylphenyl, and naphthyl), and the like.

In the formula (c2), examples of the heterocyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group having 2 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms (preferably 4 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms) (pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, morpholinyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the heterocyclic hydrocarbon group include a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group having 4 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms (thienyl, furanyl, selenophenyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenazinyl, xanthenyl, thianthrenyl, phenoxazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, dibenzothienyl, xanthonyl, thioxanthonyl, and dibenzofuranyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the aryloxy group include an aryloxy group having 6 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms (phenoxy and naphthyloxy), and the like.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the alkylsulfinyl group include a linear or branched sulfinyl group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, propylsulfinyl, isopropylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl, isobutylsulfinyl, sec-butylsulfinyl, tert-butylsulfinyl, pentylsulfinyl, isopentylsulfinyl, neopentylsulfinyl, tert-pentylsulfinyl, octylsulfinyl, and isooctadecylsulfinyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the arylsulfinyl group include an arylsulfinyl group having 6 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms (phenylsulfinyl, tolylsulfinyl, and naphthylsulfinyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the alkylsulfonyl group include a linear or branched alkylsulfonyl group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl, isopropylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, isobutylsulfonyl, sec-butylsulfonyl, tert-butylsulfonyl, pentylsulfonyl, isopentylsulfonyl, neopentylsulfonyl, tert-pentylsulfonyl, octylsulfonyl, and octadecylsulfonyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) to (c6), examples of the arylsulfonyl group include an arylsulfonyl group having 6 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms (phenylsulfonyl, tolylsulfonyl (tosyl group) and naphthylsulfonyl), and the like.

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group include a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group represented by HO(AO)_(q)— (wherein AO independently represents an ethyleneoxy group and/or a propyleneoxy group, and q represents an integer of 1 or more and 5 or less).

In the formulas (c2) to (c6), examples of the optionally substituted amino group include an amino group (—NH₂) and a substituted amino group having 1 or more and 15 or less carbon atoms (methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, methylethylamino, diethylamino, n-propylamino, methyl-n-propylamino, ethyl-n-propylamino, n-propylamino, isopropylamino, isopropylmethylamino, isopropylethylamino, diisopropylamino, phenylamino, diphenylamino, methylphenylamino, ethylphenylamino, n-propylphenylamino, and isopropylphenylamino), and the like.

In the formulas (c3) and (c4), examples of the alkylene group include a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms (a methylene group, a 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,1-ethylene group, a propane-1,3-diyl group, a propane-1,2-diyl group, a propane-1,1-diyl group, a propane-2,2-diyl group, a butane-1,4-diyl group, a butane-1,3-diyl group, a butane-1,2-diyl group, a butane-1,1-diyl group, a butane-2,2-diyl group, a butane-2,3-diyl group, a pentane-1,5-diyl group, a pentane-1,4-diyl group, a hexane-1,6-diyl group, a heptane-1,7-diyl group, an octane-1,8-diyl group, a 2-ethylhexane-1,6-diyl group, a nonane-1,9-diyl group, a decane-1,10-diyl group, a undecane-1,11-diyl group, a dodecane-1,12-diyl group, a tridecane-1,13-diyl group, a tetradecane-1,14-diyl group, a pentadecane-1,15-diyl group, and a hexadecane-1,16-diyl group), and the like.

A sulfonium salt (Q) can be synthesized, for example, in accordance with the following scheme. Specifically, 1-fluoro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene represented by the following formula (c1-1) is reacted with a compound represented by the following formula (c1-2) in the presence of a base such as potassium hydroxide to obtain a nitro compound represented by the following formula (c1-3), followed by reduction in the presence of reduced iron to obtain an amine compound represented by the following formula (c1-4). The amine compound is reacted with a nitrite (e.g., sodium nitrite) represented by MaNO₂ (wherein Ma represents a metal atom, for example, an alkali metal atom such as a sodium atom) to obtain a diazo compound, and then the diazo compound is mixed with cuprous halide represented by CuX′ (wherein X′ represents a halogen atom such as a bromine atom, the same shall apply hereinafter) and hydrogen halide represented by HX′, followed by proceeding of the reaction to obtain a halide represented by the following formula (c1-5). A Grignard reagent is prepared from the halide and magnesium, and then the Grignard reagent is reacted with a sulfoxide compound represented by the following formula (c1-6) in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane, thus making it possible to obtain a sulfonium salt represented by the following formula (c1-7). Furthermore, the sulfonium salt is reacted with a salt represented by Mb⁺X″⁻ (wherein Mb⁺ represents a metal cation, for example, an alkali metal cation such as a potassium ion, and X″⁻ represents a monovalent anion represented by X⁻ (provided that, a halogen anion is excluded)), thereby performing a salt exchange, thus making it possible to obtain a sulfonium salt represented by the following formula (c1-8). In the following formulas (c1-2) to (c-8), R^(c1) to R^(c3) and A^(c1) are the same as those in the formula (c1).

<Scheme>

Specific examples of the cation moiety of the sulfonium salt (Q) represented by the formula (c1) include the followings. Specific examples of the anion moiety of the sulfonium salt (Q) represented by the formula (c1) include conventionally known anion moiety such as those exemplified in the description of X⁻. The sulfonium salt (Q) represented by the formula (c1) can be synthesized in accordance with the scheme, and it is possible to use the cation moiety in combination with the desired anion moiety by optionally performing salt exchange, and particularly preferred is a combination with an anion represented by R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻ (wherein R^(x1) represents a phenyl group in which at least a part of hydrogen atoms is/are substituted with a halogen atom or an electron withdrawing group, Y represents a halogen atom, and c represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less).

In the group of preferred cation moiety, the cation moiety represented by the following formula is more preferable.

The photocationic polymerization initiator (C) may contain a photocationic polymerization initiator other than the sulfonium salt (Q), together with the sulfonium salt (Q). The content of the sulfonium salt (Q) in the photocationic polymerization initiator (C) is not particularly limited and, typically, the content is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, particularly preferably 90% by mass or more, and most preferably 100% by mass.

(Other Cationic Polymerization Initiators)

It is possible to use, as the cationic polymerization initiator other than the sulfonium salt (Q), various cationic polymerization initiators, which have hitherto been used for cation polymerization, without particular limitation. As mentioned above, the other cationic polymerization initiator is preferably an onium salt such as an iodonium salt or a sulfonium salt, and more preferably a sulfonium salt other than the sulfonium salt (Q).

Hereinafter, the sulfonium salt other than the sulfonium salt (Q) is also referred to as “sulfonium salt (Q′)”. The other sulfonium salt (Q′) preferably contains, as the monovalent anion X⁻, the above-mentioned R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻, just like the sulfonium salt (Q).

The sulfonium salt (Q′) having a monovalent anion represented by R^(x1) _(c)BY_(4-c) ⁻ includes, for example, a sulfonium salt represented by the following formula (c1′):

wherein, R^(c1), R^(c2), R^(c3), A^(c1), R^(x1), Y, and c are as mentioned above.

Specific examples of the cation moiety of the sulfonium salt (Q′) represented by the formula (a1′) include the followings.

Typical examples of the cation moiety of the sulfonium salt (Q′) include the followings.

There is no particular limitation on the content of the photocationic polymerization initiator (C) in the curable composition, as long as curing of the curable composition satisfactory proceeds. In view of the fact that it is easy to satisfactorily cure the curable composition, typically, the content is preferably 0.01 part by mass or more and 1 part by mass or less, more preferably 0.02 part by mass or more and 0.5 part by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.04 part by mass or more and 0.2 part by mass or less, based on 1 part by mass of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B). In the curable composition, a mass ratio of the photocationic polymerization initiator (C) to the total mass of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) and the photocationic polymerization initiator (C) [photocationic polymerization initiator (C)/(thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B)+photocationic polymerization initiator (C))] is preferably 1/100 or more and 1/1 or less, more preferably 1/50 or more and ⅓ or less, and particularly preferably 1/25 or more and ⅕ or less.

<(D) Curing Accelerator>

A curable composition may contain: (D) a curing accelerator. When the curable composition contains the curing accelerator (D), it is possible to form a cured product which has particularly satisfactory curability of the curable composition, and particularly satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material.

Examples of the curing accelerator (D) include a urea compound, a tertiary amine and salts thereof, imidazoles and salts thereof, phosphine-based compounds and derivatives thereof, carboxylic acid metal salts, Lewis acids, Bronsted acids and salts thereof, tetraphenylboronate, and the like.

Preferred specific examples of the curing accelerator (D) include tertiary amines such as 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7, triethylenediamine, benzyldimethylamine, triethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol, and tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol; imidazoles such as 2-methylimidazole, 2-phenylimidazole, 2-phenyl-4-methylimidazole, and 2-heptadecylimidazole; phosphine-based compounds such as tributylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphine, and phenylphosphine; tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate, triphenylphosphinetetraphenylborate, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazoletetraphenylborate, and a tetraphenylboron salt of N-methylmorpholine tetraphenylborate.

Of the above-described curing accelerators (D), phosphine-based compounds and derivatives thereof, and tetraphenylboron salts are preferable. Of the above specific examples, triphenylphosphine and triphenylphosphine triphenylborane are preferable.

There is no particular limitation on the amount of the curing accelerator (D) used as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. The amount of the curing accelerator (D) used is preferably 0.5 part by mass or more and 8 parts by mass or less, more preferably 1.5 parts by mass or more and 6 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2 parts by mass or more and 4.5 parts by mass or less, based on 1 part by mass of the mass of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B). In the curable composition, a mass ratio of the curing accelerator (D) to the total mass of the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) and the curing accelerator (D) [curing accelerator (D)/(thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B)+curing accelerator (D))] is preferably ⅕ or more and 8/10 or less, more preferably ¼ or more and 7/10 or less, and particularly preferably ⅓ or more and 6/10 or less.

<(E) Sensitizer>

The curable composition may contain: (E) a sensitizer. When the curable composition contains the photocationic polymerization initiator (C), the curable composition preferably contains the sensitizer (E). It is possible to use, as the sensitizer, known sensitizers, which have hitherto been used in combination with various cationic polymerization initiators, without particular limitation. Specific examples of the sensitizer include anthracene compounds such as anthracene, 9,10-dibutoxyanthracene, 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene, 9,10-diethoxyanthracene, 2-ethyl-9,10-dimethoxyanthracene, and 9,10-dipropoxyanthracene; pyrene; 1,2-benzanthracene; perylene; tetracene; coronene; thioxanthone compounds such as thioxanthone, 2-methylthioxanthone, 2-ethylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, and 2,4-diethylthioxanthone; phenothiazine compounds such as phenothiazine, N-methylphenothiazine, N-ethylphenothiazine, and N-phenylphenothiazine; xanthone; naphthalene compounds such as 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1-methoxynaphthalene, 2-methoxynaphthalene, 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalene, and 4-methoxy-1-naphthol; ketones such as dimethoxyacetophenone, diethoxyacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 4′-isopropyl-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, and 4-benzoyl-4′-methyldiphenyl sulfide; carbazole compounds such as N-phenylcarbazole, N-ethylcarbazole, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and N-glycidylcarbazole; chrysene compounds such as 1,4-dimethoxychrysene and 1,4-di-α-methylbenzyloxychrysene; and phenanthrene compounds such as 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-methoxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxy-10-methoxyphenanthrene, and 9-hydroxy-10-ethoxyphenanthrene. These sensitizers may be used in combination of two or more types thereof.

The amount of the sensitizer (E) used is not particularly limited and is preferably 1% by mass or more and 300% by mass or less, and more preferably 5% by mass or more and 200% by mass or less, based on the mass of the photocationic polymerization initiator (C). When using the sensitizer (E) in the amount within the above range, it is easy to obtain the desired sensitization effect.

<Other Components>

The curable composition can optionally contain additives such as surfactants, thermal polymerization inhibitors, defoamers, silane coupling agents, colorants (pigments, dyes), resins (thermoplastic resins, alkali-soluble resins, etc.), inorganic fillers, and organic fillers. It is possible to use, as any additives, conventionally known ones. Examples of the surfactant include anionic, cationic, and nonionic compounds, examples of the thermal polymerization inhibitor include hydroquinone, hydroquinone monoethyl ether, and the like, and examples of the defoamer include silicone-based compounds, fluorine-based compounds, and the like.

The above-described curable composition containing essential or optional components can form a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material, and has satisfactory curability, so that the curable composition can be suitably used in various applications. The curable composition is used, particularly preferably, for formation of a transparent coating film which covers metal wiring in a display element such as a touch panel.

<(S) Solvent>

The curable composition preferably contains: (S) a solvent for the purpose of adjusting the coatability and viscosity. As the solvent (S), an organic solvent is typically used. There is no particular limitation on types of the organic solvent as long as it can uniformly dissolve or disperse components contained in the curable composition.

Suitable examples of the organic solvent usable as the solvent (S) include (poly)alkylene glycol monoalkyl ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, and tripropylene glycol monoethyl ether; (poly)alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether acetates such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate; other ethers such as diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, and 3-heptanone; lactic acid alkyl esters such as methyl 2-hydroxypropionate and ethyl 2-hydroxypropionate; other esters such as ethyl 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate, methyl 3-methoxypropionate, ethyl 3-methoxypropionate, methyl 3-ethoxypropionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, ethyl ethoxyacetate, ethyl hydroxyacetate, methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutyl acetate, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutyl propionate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, n-pentyl formate, isopentyl acetate, n-butyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, n-propyl butyrate, isopropyl butyrate, n-butyl butyrate, methyl pyruvate, ethyl pyruvate, n-propyl pyruvate, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ethyl 2-oxobutanoate; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; and amides such as N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide. These organic solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more types thereof.

There is no particular limitation on the amount of the solvent (S) used in the curable composition. In view of the coatability of the curable composition, the amount of the solvent (S) used is, for example, 30 to 99.9% by mass, and preferably 50 to 98% by mass, based on the entire curable composition.

<Cured Film>

A cured film made of a cured product obtained by curing the above-described curable composition is excellent in heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance). When the curable composition contains, as the photocationic polymerization initiator (C), the above-mentioned sulfonium salt (Q), the heat resistance is particularly satisfactory. The reason is estimated that, since the concentration of protons increases in a system containing the curable compound (A) and the sulfonium salt (Q), sequential polymerization in the curable compound (A) continuously proceeds to accelerate polymerization, and thus a monomer is scarcely decomposed by heat. The cured film is suitable, for example, as a sealant for an organic EL display device, wafer level lens, the above-mentioned hard coat, and the like. It is also suitable for a flexible device. The cured film made of a cured product of the above-mentioned curable composition exhibits high refractive index when the curable compound (A) contains a compound represented by the formula (a1). The curable composition preferably contains, for example, metal oxide particles from the viewpoint of further increasing a refractive index of the cured film. Regarding the thus obtained cured film, for example, high refractive index of 1.7 or more is obtained as a refractive index at a wavelength of 550 nm.

<<Method for Producing Curable Composition>>

A curable composition can be produced by uniformly mixing each component described above in a predetermined ratio. Examples of the mixer usable in the production of the curable composition include a two-roll mill, a three-roll mill, and the like. When the curable composition has sufficiently low viscosity, if necessary, the curable composition may be filtered using a filter having a desired hole size so as to remove insoluble foreign substances.

<<Method for Producing Cured Product>>

There is no particular limitation on a method for producing a cured product as long as it is a method capable of curing a curable composition formed into a desired shape. The curing method is not particularly limited as long as it is a method including heating, and curing may be performed only by heating or a combination of light exposure and heating. When the curable composition contains a photocationic polymerization initiator (C), curing may be performed only by heating, or preferably a combination of light exposure and heating.

The shape of the molded body is not particularly limited and is preferably film since it is easy to uniformly apply heat to the molded body, and to uniformly irradiate the molded body with exposure light.

Typical examples of the method for producing a cured product as a cured film will be described below. First, a curable composition is applied onto a substrate such as a glass substrate to form a coating film. Examples of the coating method include methods using a contact transfer-type coating apparatus such as a roll coater, a reverse coater, or a bar coater, or a non-contacting-type coater such as a spinner (rotary coating apparatus), a slit coater, or a curtain flow coater. After adjusting the viscosity of the curable composition in an appropriate range, the curable composition may be applied by an inkjet method, or a printing method such as a screen printing method to form a coating film with a desired pattern shape.

Then, if necessary, a volatile component such as a solvent (S) is removed to dry the coating film. Examples of the drying method include, but are not particularly limited to, a method of drying under reduced pressure at room temperature using a vacuum drying device (VCD), followed by drying with a hot plate at a temperature in a range of 80° C. or higher and 120° C. or lower, and preferably 90° C. or higher and 100° C. or lower, for 60 seconds or more and 120 seconds or less. After forming the coating film in such a manner, the coating film is subjected to at least one of light exposure and heating. Light exposure is performed by irradiating with active energy ray such as excimer laser light. The energy line dose varies depending on the composition of the curable composition and is preferably, for example, 30 mJ/cm² or more and 2,000 mJ/cm² or less, and more preferably 50 mJ/cm² or more and 500 mJ/cm² or less. The temperature during heating is not particularly limited and is preferably 180° C. or higher and 280° C. or lower, more preferably 200° C. or higher and 260° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 220° C. or higher and 250° C. or lower. Typically, the heating time is preferably 1 minute or more and 60 minutes or less, more preferably 10 minutes or more and 50 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 20 minutes or more and 40 minutes or less.

The thus formed cured product, particularly cured film, is suitably used in a display panel for an image display device. The cured film is suitably used in a flexible display panel since cracking hardly occurs because of excellent flexibility. The cured film is also used, particularly preferably, as a transparent coating film which covers metal wiring in a display element such as a touch panel.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be more specifically described below by way of Examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these Examples.

Examples 1 to 4, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2

In Examples and Comparative Examples, a compound A1 represented by the following formula and a hydrogenated bisphenol A type epoxy compound A2 (epoxy equivalent: 250 g/eq.) were used as a curable compound (A) (component (A)).

In Examples and Comparative Examples, compounds B1 and B2 represented by the following formulas were used as a thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) (component (B)).

In Examples, a compound represented by the following formula was used as a photocationic polymerization initiator (C) (component (C))

In Examples, triphenylphosphosinetriphenylborane was used as a curing accelerator (D) (component (D)).

Components (A) and (B) of types shown in Table 1 in the amount shown in Table 1, and components (C) and (D) in the amount shown in Table 1 were dissolved in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate such that the solid component concentration would be 22% by mass to obtain curable compositions of the respective Examples and Comparative Examples. In Example 1, Example 3, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2, the component (C) was not used. In Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2, the component (D) was not used.

Using the thus obtained curable compositions, the curability, the adhesion of a cured film, and the heat resistance of a cured film were evaluated in accordance with the following methods. Since the curable composition of Comparative Example 1 was inferior in curability, the adhesion of a cured film and the heat resistance of a cured film were not evaluated. These evaluation results are shown in Table 1.

<Evaluation of Curability>

Based on the evaluation of the chemical resistance (NMP resistance) of the cured film formed using the curable composition in accordance with the following method, the curability of the curable composition was evaluated. First, the curable composition was applied on a substrate at a film thickness of 1 μm. The thus formed coating film was subjected to prebaking (at 100° C. for 2 minutes), light exposure (100 mJ/cm²), and postbaking (at 230° C. for 20 minutes) in this order to obtain a cured film. The thus obtained cured film was immersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) at room temperature for 5 minutes, thereby performing a chemical resistance test. The case where the amount of decrease in film thickness or the amount of increase in film thickness of the cured film after immersion in NMP accounts for 1% or less of the film thickness of the cured film before immersion in NMP was rated “A”, the case where the amount accounts for more than 1% and 3% or less was rated “B”, and the case where the amount accounts for more than 3% was rated “C”.

<Evaluation of Adhesion>

After forming cross-cuts (lattice-shaped cuts each having a width of 1 mm) on a cured film formed on a substrate in the same manner as in evaluation of the curability, a tape test defined in JIS Z 1522 was performed and it was confirmed whether peeling of the cured film occurred. The case where no peeling occurred was rated “A”, the case where the number of peeled squares was 5% or less was rated “B”, and the case where the number of peeled squares was more than 5% was rated “C”

<Evaluation of Heat Resistance>

In the same manner as in evaluation of the curability, a cured film was formed on a substrate. The cured film was partially peeled off from the substrate to obtain a sample. Using the thus obtained sample, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGDTA) in the atmosphere was performed and the heat resistance was evaluated. The thermal gravimetric analysis was performed by heating from room temperature (20° C.) at a temperature rise rate of 10° C./minute. Measurement was made of the temperature at which the weight is reduced by 5% based on the weight at the starting of analysis (Td 5%: 5% weight reduction temperature). The case where Td 5% is 430° C. or higher was rated “A”, the case where Td 5% is 400° C. or higher and lower than 430° C. was rated “B”, and the case where Td 5% is lower than 400° C. was rated “C”.

TABLE 1 Component (A) Component(B) Component (C) Component (D) (Parts by (Parts by (Parts by (Parts by Heat mass/Type) mass/Type) mass) mass) Curability Adhesion resistance Example 1 99.5/A1  0.5/B1 — — B B B Example 2 99.5/A1 0.45/B1 0.05 — A A A Example 3 99.5/A1 0.45/B1 — 0.45 A A A Example 4 99.5/A1 0.45/B1 0.05 0.45 A A A Comparative 99.5/A1  0.5/B2 — — C — — Example 1 Comparative 99.5/A2  0.5/B1 — — B B C Example 2

As is apparent from Examples 1 to 4, each curable composition including a curable compound (A) and a thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B), each containing a compound having a predetermined structure, has satisfactory curability, and enables formation of a cured product having satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material. As is apparent from Examples 2 to 4, when each curable composition includes a photocationic polymerization initiator (C) or a curing accelerator (D), each containing a compound having a predetermined structure, the curable composition has particularly satisfactory curability, thus enabling formation of a cured product having particularly satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) and adhesion to a base material.

Meanwhile, as is apparent from Comparative Examples 1 and 2, when either a curable compound (A) or a thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) does not contain:

a compound having a predetermined structure, it is impossible to satisfy all of satisfactory curability, satisfactory adhesion of the cured product, and satisfactory heat resistance (pyrolysis resistance) of the cured product. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A curable composition comprising: (A) a curable compound and (B) a thermal cationic polymerization initiator, wherein the curable compound (A) comprises a compound represented by the following formula (a1), and the thermal cationic polymerization initiator (B) comprises a compound comprising the cation moiety and the anion moiety, wherein the cation moiety is a cation represented by the following formula (b1):

wherein, in the formula (a1), W¹ and W² each independently represents a group represented by the following formula (a2):

wherein, in the formula (a2), a ring Z represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, X represents a single bond or a group represented by —S—, R¹ represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, or an alkyleneoxy group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, and when R¹ is an alkyleneoxy group, the oxygen atom in the alkyleneoxy group is bonded with a ring Z, R² represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxy group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a sulfo group, or, a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a group represented by —NHR⁴c, or a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂ in which group at least a part of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom included therein is/are substituted with a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a hydroxyl group, a group represented by —OR^(4a), a group represented by —SR^(4b), an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a mercapto group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbamoyl group, a group represented by —NHR^(4c), a group represented by —N(R^(4d))₂, a mesyloxy group, or a sulfo group, R^(4a) to R^(4d) independently represent a monovalent hydrocarbon group, m represents an integer of 0 or more, and R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a vinyl group, a thiiran-2-ylmethyl group, or a glycidyl group, both W¹ and W² do not have a hydrogen atom as R³, a ring Y¹ and a ring Y² represent the same or different aromatic hydrocarbon rings, R represents a single bond, an optionally substituted methylene group, an ethylene group which is optionally substituted and contain a heteroatom between two carbon atoms, a group represented by —O—, a group represented by —NH—, or a group represented by —S—, R^(3a) and R^(3b) independently represent a cyano group, a halogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and n1 and n2 independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less:

wherein, in the formula (b1), R^(b1), R^(b2), and R^(b3) each independently is an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.
 2. The curable composition according to claim 1, wherein the anion moiety is (C₆F₅)₄B⁻.
 3. The curable composition according to claim 1, further comprising: (C) a photocationic polymerization initiator.
 4. The curable composition according to claim 3, wherein the photocationic polymerization initiator (C) comprises a sulfonium salt represented by the following formula (c1):

wherein, in the formula (c1), R^(c1) and R^(c2) independently represent an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (c2), R^(c1) and R^(c2) may be combined with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula, R^(c3) represents a group represented by the following formula (c3), or a group represented by the following formula (c4), A^(c1) represents S, O, or Se, and X— represents a monovalent anion, provided that R^(c1) and R^(c2) are not simultaneously alkyl groups optionally substituted with a halogen atom:

wherein, in the formula (c2), a ring Z^(c1) represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R^(c4) represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an alkylthio group, a thienyl group, a thienylcarbonyl group, a furanyl group, a furanylcarbonyl group, a selenophenyl group, a selenophenylcarbonyl group, a heterocyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, and m1 represents an integer of 0 or more:

wherein, in the formula (c3), R^(c5) represents a group represented by the following formula (c5) or an alkylene group optionally substituted with a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, R^(c6) represents a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, an alkyl group optionally substituted with a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (c6), A^(c2) represents a single bond, S, O, a sulfinyl group, or a carbonyl group, and m2 represents 0 or 1:

wherein, in the formula (c4), R^(c7) and R^(c8) independently represent a group represented by the following formula (c5), or, an alkylene group optionally substituted with a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, R^(c9) and R^(c10) independently represent an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom or a group represented by the formula (c2), R^(c9) and R^(c10) may be combined with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula, A^(c3) represents a single bond, S, O, a sulfinyl group, or a carbonyl group, X— is as mentioned above, and m3 represents 0 or 1, provided that R^(c9) and R^(c10) are not simultaneously alkyl groups optionally substituted with a halogen atom:

wherein, in the formula (c5), a ring Z^(c2) represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R^(c11) represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, and m4 represents an integer of 0 or more:

wherein, in the (c6), a ring Z^(c3) represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, R^(c12) represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, a thienylcarbonyl group, a furanylcarbonyl group, a selenophenylcarbonyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfinyl group, an arylsulfinyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a hydroxy(poly)alkyleneoxy group, an optionally substituted amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a halogen atom, and m5 represents an integer of 0 or more.
 5. The curable composition according to claim 4, wherein both R^(c1) and R^(c2) in the formula (c1) are the group represented by the formula (c2), and the aromatic hydrocarbon ring Z^(c1) is a benzene ring.
 6. The curable composition according to claim 4, wherein A^(c1) in the formula (c1) is S.
 7. The curable composition according to claim 4, wherein X⁻ in the formula (c1) is an anion selected from the group consisting of SbF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, (CF₃CF₂)₃PF₃ ⁻, (C₆F₅)₄B⁻, ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄B⁻, (C₆F₅)₄Ga⁻, ((CF₃)₂C₆H₃)₄Ga⁻, and (CF₃SO₂)₃C⁻.
 8. A cured film comprising a cured product of the curable composition according to claim
 1. 9. A display panel for an image display device, provided with the cured film according to claim
 8. 10. The display panel according to claim 9, which is a flexible display panel.
 11. An image display device comprising the display panel according to claim
 9. 12. A method for producing a cured product, which comprises: forming the curable composition according to claim 1 into a predetermined shape, and subjecting the resulting curable composition to at least one of light exposure and heating.
 13. The method for producing a cured product according to claim 12, wherein forming of the curable composition is formation of a coating film, and the coating film is subjected to heating, or light exposure and heating. 